Define tolerance and substance dependence, and describe how they are related
What will be an ideal response?
ANSWER:
Tolerance is a condition in which, after repeated use, more of a drug is needed to achieve the same effect. However, as tolerance develops, the difference between a safe dose and a potentially harmful dose, called the margin of safety, narrows.
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Substance dependence is a condition in which a person needs a drug in order to maintain normal functioning. Typically, dependence is evident when the person stops using the drug and experiences withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms may include physical symptoms such as vomiting, shaking, sweating, physical pain, hallucinations, or headaches.
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Variable schedules of reinforcement generally produce greater resistance to extinction than fixed schedules.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
Whenever Kendra's three-year-old son, Paul, spits his food onto the floor, she takes the time to tell him that she loves him, but she does not like it when he spits his food on the floor. Kendra wants to avoid creating __________ for Paul.
A. external loci of control B. growth orientations C. deficiency orientations D. conditions of worth
A chronic respiratory condition that causes sudden shortness of breath is called
A) anoxia. B) asthma. C) diabetes. D) polio.
A psychologist has just finished analyzing a client who is believed to have a conversion disorder. The psychologist asks the family to meet with him as part of the process of planning treatment
The psychologist is especially concerned about what he calls secondary gain. When one of the family members asks for an explanation, what will the psychologist say? a) "Clients with this disorder tend to develop a second disorder after the first is treated. " b) "The client is attempting to control the family's interaction patterns by producing the symptoms." c) "The family's attention and affection can actually have the effect of reinforcing the symptoms." d) "The symptoms exhibited by the client are actually related to a second and previously undiagnosed disorder."