Summarize the means by which stop-and-frisk law has been expanded over the years
What will be an ideal response?
Automobile searches involve a specific set of rules as to what police officers can do with automobiles when they have reasonable suspicion. Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 (1979), sets forth the rule that police officers can stop and detain motorists in their vehicles so long as the officers have "at least articulable and reasonable suspicion" that the motorists are violating the law. For example, if a police officer observes a driver run a stop sign, the officer is justified in pulling the person over and detaining him or her because reasonable suspicion is present.
Another decision that essentially expands stop-and-frisk is Terry is Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325 (1990). If police lawfully make an arrest in a person's residence, a protective sweep of the home is permitted based on the Terry rationale. A sweep is when one or more officers disperse throughout the home with the intent of looking for other people who could pose a threat to the officers making the arrest.
In Dickerson, when the police officer frisked the suspect, he exceeded the bounds of Terry because the officer "squeezed, slid, and otherwise manipulated the packet's content" before learning that it was cocaine. Dickerson is considered by many to be the case that officially recognized the doctrine known as plain touch (sometimes called plain feel). The Supreme
Court has long recognized that the items in plain view fall outside Fourth Amendment protections.
In Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972), the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a municipal ordinance that targeted "vagrants" and "rogues and vagabonds, or dissolute persons who go about begging . . . common drunkards, lewd, wanton and lascivious persons, . . . persons wandering or strolling around from place to place without any lawful purpose or object, habitual loafers, [and] disorderly persons." The Court concluded that the ordinance provided "no standards governing the exercise of . . . discretion" and thereby "permit[ted] and encourage[d] an arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement of the law" and resulted "in a regime in which the poor and the unpopular are permitted to ‘stand on the sidewalk . . . only at the whim of any police officer.' "
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In Chimel v. California (1969 ) the Court was concerned with each of the following, EXCEPT
A. The pretextual application of the search incident to arrest doctrine B. The inconsistency of Supreme Court precedent C. The avoidance of search warrants by police D. The risk of excessive use of force by police
The distinct types of satanic groups are:
a. The Church of Satan and Temple of Set b. The Church of Satan and Temple of Set; self-styled Satanists and the groups that are more organized with a hierarchical structure and are more secretive than the others c. All of the satanic groups are the same d. Only the Church of Satan and Temple of Set are satanic groups
In ______, the offenders engage in acts that are harmful to themselves or that are consensual.
a. property crimes b. victimless crimes c. white-collar crimes d. status offenses
When does the first formal point of contact between the state and the accused occur?
a. when the crime is committed b. upon arrest of the alleged offender c. at the arraignment d. during the trial