A perinatal nurse assesses a term newborn for respiratory functioning. The nurse knows that which of the following conditions is normal for newborns? (Select all that apply.)
a. A respiratory rate of 60 to 80 breaths per minute
b. A breathing pattern that is often shallow, diaphragmatic, and irregular
c. Periodic episodes of apnea
d. The neonate's lung sounds may sound moist during early auscultation
ANS: b, d
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a. The normal respiratory rate for a healthy term newborn is 40 to 60 breaths per minute.
b. The breathing pattern is often shallow, diaphragmatic, and irregular.
c. Apnea is cessation of breathing that lasts more than 20 seconds; it is abnormal in the term neonate.
d. Most fetal fluid is reabsorbed within the first few hours, but in some infants this process may take up to 24 hours and the lungs may sound moist for the first 24 hours.
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