What is the goodness-of-fit model? Explain the relationship between temperament and child rearing
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Thomas and Chess proposed a goodness-of-fit model to explain how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes. If a child’s disposition interferes with learning or getting along with others, adults must gently but consistently counteract the child’s maladaptive style. Goodness of fit involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning. Difficult children (who withdraw from new experiences and react negatively and intensely) frequently experience parenting that fits poorly with their dispositions. As infants, they are less likely to receive sensitive caregiving. By the second year, their parents tend to resort to angry, punitive discipline, which undermines the development of effortful control. As the child reacts with defiance and disobedience, parents become increasingly stressed. As a result, they continue their coercive tactics and also discipline inconsistently, at times rewarding the child’s noncompliance by giving in to it. These practices sustain and even increase the child’s irritable, conflict-ridden style. In contrast, when parents are positive and sensitive, which helps infants and toddlers regulate emotion, difficultness declines by age 2 or 3. In toddlerhood and childhood, parental sensitivity, support, clear expectations, and limits foster effortful control, also reducing the likelihood that difficultness will persist and lead to emotional and social difficulties.
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A. has the most memorable teeth B. is often the largest C. often rears on its hind legs, reminiscent of humans D. is a prototype for most North American bears
Research from the late 1990s on the morality of caring suggests that when men and women reason about real-life dilemmas they have faced,
a. neither men nor women feel compassion for the victims. b. women show more compassionate concern than men but less interpersonal responsibility. c. men show more compassionate concern than women but less interpersonal responsibility. d. men and women show equally high levels of compassion and interpersonal responsibility.
Genes that appear to play important roles in major depressive disorder include those a. affecting oxytocin
b. affecting sex hormones. c. affecting serotonin reuptake and circadian rhythms. d. involved with dopamine transport.
In non-Western societies, the primary orientation of people is:
a. competitive b. aggressive c. individualistic d. collectivistic