Shaping is
a. an event that typically precedes the target response.
b. accomplished by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response.
c. a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.
d. a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a program.
B
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In order to evaluate self-help books for ourselves, which of the following is NOT an important evaluation technique?
a. Examine the research and supporting evidence. b. Consider the credentials of the author. c. Avoid books that focus on one particular type of problem. d. Look for details with clear directions.
In the book The Optimistic Child, Martin Seligman shows teachers and parents how to teach children the necessary skills to diminish depression and enhance self-esteem. What have these strategies been found to improve?
A. children’s school performance, self-efficacy, and psychological health B. children’s social relationships, self-reliance, and happiness C. children’s social relationships, self-efficacy, and acting out behaviors D. children’s school performance, self-reliance, and physical health
_________ is a form of therapy that emphasizes changing your thoughts and behaviors
a. Cognitive-behavioral therapy b. Pharmacological therapy c. Immersion therapy d. Behavioral therapy
Which statement about epiphyses is true?
A. They appear only between age 2 and age 6. B. They begin to appear only after age 6. C. They convert bone into cartilage in order to support the developing skeleton. D. They are growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone.