Cognitive development influences response to pain. What age group is most concerned with the fear of losing control during a painful experience?
a. Toddlers
b. Preschoolers
c. School-age children
d. Adolescents
ANS: D
Adolescents view illness as physiologic (an organ malfunction) and psychophysiologic (psychologic factors that affect health). Adolescents usually approach pain with self-control. They are concerned with remaining composed and feel embarrassed and ashamed of losing control. Toddlers and preschoolers react to pain primarily as a physical, concrete experience. Preschoolers may try to escape a procedure with verbal statements such as "go away." Young school-age children may view pain as punishment for wrongdoing. This age group fears bodily harm.
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