The patient is admitted with the diagnosis of GI bleeding. The patient's heart rate is 140 beats per minute, and his blood pressure is 84/44 mm Hg. These values may indicate:
a. a need for hourly vital signs.
b. approximately 25% loss of total blood volume.
c. resolution of hypovolemic shock.
d. increased blood flow to the skin, lungs, and liver.
B
Hypotension is an advanced sign of shock. As a rule, a systolic pressure of less than 100 mm Hg, a postural decrease in blood pressure of greater than 10 mm Hg, or a heart rate of greater than 120 beats/min reflects a blood loss of at least 1000 mL—25% of the total blood volume. Vital signs should be monitored at least every 15 minutes. As blood loss exceeds 1000 mL, the shock syndrome progresses, causing decreased blood flow to the skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys.
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