What feature do monkeys share with iguanas but not with bullfrogs?
A. eyes
B. eggs
C. thoracic breathing
D. four-chambered heart
Clarify Question
· What is the key concept addressed by the question?
· What type of thinking is required?
Gather Content
· What do you already know about reptile innovations?
Choose Answer
· Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer?
Reflect on Process
· Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
C. thoracic breathing
Clarify Question
· What is the key concept addressed by the question?
o This question addresses reptile innovations.
· What type of thinking is required?
o This question is asking you to take what you already know and apply it to this unfamiliar situation.
Gather Content
· What do you already know about reptile innovations?
o All living reptiles share certain fundamental characteristics that were innovations not seen in their amphibian relatives. These innovations include amniotic eggs, dry skin, and thoracic breathing. Furthermore, their hearts became more efficient – although only one group of reptiles evolved a four-chambered heart.
o Amniotic eggs: Most reptiles lay watertight eggs that contain yolk and a series of four membranes. All modern reptiles, as well as birds and mammals, share these membranes and are called amniotes.
o Dry skin: Reptiles have dry, watertight skin with a layer of scales that reduces water loss.
o Thoracic breathing: Amphibians breathe by squeezing their throat to pump air into their lungs; this limits their breathing capacity to the volume of their mouths. Reptiles developed pulmonary breathing, expanding and contracting the rib cage and diaphragm to suck air into the lungs and then force it out. The capacity of this system is limited only by the volume of the lungs.
o Heart chambers: The circulatory system of reptiles is an improvement over that of fish and amphibians, providing oxygen to the body more efficiently. The improvement is achieved by extending the septum within the heart from the atrium partway across the ventricle. This septum creates a partial wall that tends to lessen mixing of oxygen-poor blood with oxygen-rich blood within the ventricle. Crocodiles independently evolved a fully four-chambered heart, like that in birds and mammals, by extending the septum to completely divide the ventricle.
Choose Answer
· Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer?
o Do monkeys and iguanas, but not bullfrogs, have eyes? No, they all have eyes.
o Do monkeys and iguanas, but not bullfrogs, have eggs? No, iguanas and bullfrogs both lay external eggs,
o Do monkeys and iguanas, but not bullfrogs, have a four-chambered heart? No. The monkey has a four-chambered heart, but the heart of an iguana is like those of most other reptiles (besides crocodiles) – the septum does not completely cross the ventricle to create four chambers.
o Do monkeys and iguanas, but not bullfrogs, have thoracic breathing? Yes, thoracic breathing was a new innovation in the reptiles, not found in the amphibians, and was maintained in the mammals.
Reflect on Process
· Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
o The question required you to take what you already know and apply it to this unfamiliar situation.
o Did you recognize that one of the innovations of reptiles was thoracic breathing?
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