In the ant, Messor pergandei, new nests are founded by multiple queens. What is the mechanism causing an increase in the death rates of queens?
a. A group of sibling workers takes over and kills the queens that are not their mother.
b. Individual queens benefit from cooperation and will not fight until the workers' eclosion.
c. Fights between queens increase when the colony shifts from within to between group selection.
d. With an increase in the age of the colony, the deaths of queens accumulate.
B
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