Describe the three levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg. What criticisms of Kohlberg's theory have been proposed?
What will be an ideal response?
The preconventional level, which represents Kohlberg's lowest level of moral reasoning, has two stages. At stage 1, moral decisions are based primarily on fear of punishment or the need to be obedient; at stage 2, moral reasoning is guided most by satisfying one's self-interest, which may involve making bargains.
Level 2: Social Approval
The conventional level, which represents an intermediate level of moral reasoning, also has two stages. At stage 3, moral decisions are guided most by conforming to the standards of others we value; at stage 4, moral reasoning is determined most by conforming to laws of society. Many adolescents and adults are at the conventional level.
Level 3: Abstract Ideas
The postconventional level, which represents the highest level of moral reasoning, has one stage. At stage 5, moral decisions are made after carefully thinking about all the alternatives and striking a balance between human rights and laws of society. Some, but not all, adults reach the postconventional level. (Stage 6, which appeared in earlier versions of Kohlberg's theory, has been omitted in later versions because too few people had reached it.)
You might also like to view...
Suppose that a doctor decides that a patient has a cold, rather than a much rarer disease, Disease X. She decides the disease is a cold, even though one symptom is fairly typical of Disease X and fairly atypical of a cold. This doctor is
a. paying attention to the base rate of the diseases. b. showing the confirmation bias. c. demonstrating the small-sample fallacy. d. combining the availability heuristic with the representativeness heuristic.
Professor Salazar is talking to his class about suicide among young people. He tells them, "Approximately 38,000 people kill themselves each year in the United States. Over the past ten years, suicides for young people aged 15 to 24 increased 20 percent for males and 42 percent for females. In 2007, suicide was the leading cause of death for young people aged 10 to 24 years old. Recent research
also indicates that suicide rates are much higher for college students than for their peers who don't attend college." Which part of Professor Salazar's statement is accurate? a. Recent research indicates that suicide rates are much higher for college students than for their peers who don't attend college. b. Over the past ten years, suicides for young people aged 15 to 24 increased 20 percent for males and 42 percent for females. c. In 2007, suicide was the leading cause of death for young people aged 10 to 24 d. Approximately 38,000 people kill themselves each year in the United States.
If a rock band turned up its amplifiers to produce twice as much energy as it produced before, the listener would experience a sound
a. twice as loud as before. b. four times as loud as before. c. one half as loud as before. d. ten time as loud as before.
The TOT is:
a. the process of selectively noticing certain stimuli. b. the uncomfortable state of being close to recalling but not actually being able to recall it. c. a technique that improves memory. d. where one subconsciously substitutes one word for another (e.g., a malapropism).