A nurse observes several preschool-aged children during play and overhears one of them say "My mommy won't let me do that." What conclusion is the most appropriate by the nurse regarding this child's development?
A.
The child has developed a superego according to Freud.
B.
The child has mastered Bandura's concept of self-mastery.
C.
The child is behind in moral reasoning and development.
D.
The child is in Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt phase.
ANS: A
According to Freud, between the ages of 3 and 6, children begin to develop a superego, which serves to regulate behavior. The child who knows there are limits to behavior is demonstrating this development. Bandura's concept of self-mastery occurs due to the influence of several factors. This child is too young to have developed this. According to Erikson, the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt typically occurs between the ages of 1 and 3. The child is also too young to have mastered the tasks involved in moral reasoning, and so one cannot say he is behind.
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