A pregnant patient seeks your counsel pertaining to anesthesia during delivery. She is particularly interested in a caudal epidural block. You explain that this procedure:
A) eliminates all pain associated with labor and delivery.
B) just minimizes the pain sensations that arise from the lower part of the birth canal (cervix and vagina) and the perineum.
C) just minimizes the pain sensations that arise from the body and fundus of the uterus.
D) just minimizes the pain associated with fibers traveling in the pudendal nerve.
E) is typically not used for delivery, but rather for an episiotomy.
Ans: B
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Formation of the neural tube
A. begins at the anterior (head) end and proceeds toward the posterior (tail). B. begins at the posterior and proceeds toward the anterior. C. is caused by compaction of the neural plate. D. begins in the middle and proceeds toward the head and the tail. E. is random in that it can begin and proceed at any location along the neural plate.
What happens to the ammonium ions that are removed from amino acids during deamination?
A) they combine with pyruvate and enter the citric acid cycle B) they combine with CO2 and enter the urea cycle C) they combine with fatty acids and enter beta-oxidation D) they are removed directly by the kidneys E) they combine with CO2 and are exhaled
Where are the trabeculae located?
A) Within the osteon B) Spongy bone C) Epiphyseal plate D) Compact bone
The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchange system is to ________
A) supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal cortex B) remove metabolic wastes from the renal cortex C) supply salt and urea to the renal medulla D) supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal medulla E) remove metabolic wastes from the renal medulla