Identify and discuss the three subcultures proposed by Cloward and Ohlin and why they develop.
- criminal subcultures
- conflict subcultures
- retreatist subcultures
Criminal subcultures develop among lower-class adolescent boys in neighborhoods with open illegitimate opportunity structures. These neighborhoods are characterized by systematic, organized crime, and they provide an outlet in illegal employment for youths to attain wealth and “get paid” via illegitimate means.
Conflict subcultures develop in disorganized communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent and those that exist are closed to adolescents. Such neighborhoods are characterized by social instability, and youth growing up in these conditions are deprived of both conventional (legitimate) and criminal (illegitimate) opportunities.
Retreatist subcultures are associated with drug use and the drug culture among some lower-class adolescents. Cloward and Ohlin characterized adolescents in retreatist subcultures as “double failures” who cannot find a place for themselves in either criminal or conflict subcultures. While this is closely related to Merton’s concept of retreatists, Cloward and Ohlin directed attention to the social environment and the conditions that help to explain the formation of each type of deviant subculture.
You might also like to view...
___________ is roughly the same as "redirection."
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
In which Supreme Court case did the court determine that inmate privacy was not a valid reason to refuse hiring women as correctional officers?
a. Morrissey v. Brewer b. Mempa v. Rhay c. Dothard v. Rawlinson d. Gunther v. Iowa
Which of the following refers to abnormal sexual practices involving sexual interest in nonhuman objects,and giving or receiving pain.
a. incest b. fetishism c. paraphilia d. voyeurism
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. A population is the entire universe of objects, people, places, or other units of analysis that a research scientists wishes to study. 2. Statistics are estimates of population parameters that contain sampling error. 3. Population parameters vary from sample to sample because of sampling error. 4. A population distribution contains a select subset of the values occurring within an entire population.