A patient in shock has a falling blood pressure. What should the nurse realize occurs as the sympathetic nervous system responds to falling blood pressure? (Select all that apply.)
a. Blood glucose levels increase.
b. Sodium and water are retained.
c. Less oxygen is delivered to tissues.
d. Vasodilation leads to increased fluid loss.
e. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla.
f. Blood is shunted away from the skin, kidneys, and intestines.
ANS: A, B, E, F
F. As a compensatory mechanism (fight or flight), blood is shunted away from the skin, kidneys, and intestines to supply the major organs. A. Blood glucose levels increase for energy. B. Sodium and water are retained to ensure adequate fluid volume. E. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla to stimulate increased cardiac output. C. D. Vasoconstriction occurs, and the goal is to increase oxygen delivered to the tissues.
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