Punishments that are grossly disproportionate to the offense as well as those that transgress today's broad and idealistic concepts of dignity, civilized standards, humanity, and decency are known as ________ punishments.
A. unlawful and felonious
B. licentious
C. cruel and unusual
D. illegal
Answer: C
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Any assessment and expert witness testimony must meet the constitutional requirements for admissibility, this is called what?
a. Constitutional validity b. APA mandated c. Constitutional relevancy d. none of the above
Which of the following best summarizes one of the biggest problems with early theories of victimology?
a. They focused on how victims could be at fault for their own victimology. b. They focused on how offenders chose their victims. c. They did not study all types of victims. d. There were no early theories that studied victims.
Which of the following is a fundamental variable in criminal justice and criminology?
a. timeliness b. applicability c. crime d. arrest rates
Children from a low _________________ background are most likely to engage in delinquent behavior.
What will be an ideal response?