Pain during labor occurs as a result of which stressor(s)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Contraction of the cervix
b. Pressure and pulling of the pelvic structures
c. Distention and stretching of the vagina and perineum
d. Size and position of the fetus
e. Fear and anxiety
ANS: B, C, D, E
Sources of pain during labor include pressure and pulling of the pelvic structures, distention and stretching of the vagina and perineum, the size and position of the fetus, and fear and anxiety (which exaggerates the pain sensation of the labor contraction). Dilation (not contraction) and stretching of the cervix also contribute to labor pain.
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