Although punishment has several drawbacks, it is most effective when
a. it occurs several days after the behavior.
b. the punisher uses reinforcement in addition to punishment.
c. the punisher exhibits visible anger while punishing.
d. the behavior is intermittently punished.
B
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According to the elaboration likelihood model, when elaboration likelihood is low, people
a. use a peripheral route of processing information. b. use a central route of processing information. c. ignore persuasive messages. d. focus on aspects of the persuasive message that are consistent with prior beliefs. e. focus on the content of the message.
According to a recent survey (Pope & Vetter, 1992) cited in the textbook, the type of ethical dilemma reported most frequently by APA members involved
a. confidentiality. b. cultural competence. c. clinical competence. d. dual relationships.
In comparative studies of true smiles (with emotion of happiness) and lie smiles (without emotion of happiness), it was found that:
a. there was no difference between the two b. children are better at producing lie smiles than adults c. the main difference was in the use of facial muscles around the eyes d. the main difference was in the use of facial muscles around the mouth
Two alien species meet for the first time. Their governments set up a program in an attempt to prevent prejudice and racism. Based on the contact hypothesis, they decide that participants in the new program will be of equal socioeconomic status. In addition, teams consisting of members of both species will have to solve problems that require cooperation. To make the program a success, the government leaders should also
A. provide a role model who displays unprejudiced behavior. B. make sure that all participants do not have authoritarian personalities. C. tell the participants that the two species have a shared enemy. D. make sure that the individuals in each group get to know each other one-on-one.