Which of the following is NOT a circumstance in which it is reasonable to draw conclusions about time order based on cross-sectional data?
A. The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable.
B. Respondents can give reliable reports of what happened to them or what they thought at some earlier point in time.
C. When events in the past are unrelated to the measurement of the dependent variable.
D. Measures are based on records that contain information on cases in earlier periods.
C. When events in the past are unrelated to the measurement of the dependent variable.
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What will be an ideal response?
In an AB methodology, researchers take measurements and administering the independent variable
a. before, after b. with, without c. before, during d. during, after