The court has acknowledged that an exact definition of ____________________ is difficult to express because it depends on the ____________________
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
probable cause; totality
of the circumstances
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The public-private security relationship is ________
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
The courts oversee the bureaucracies by:
a. ensuring that administrators do not exceed statutory authorization. b. ensuring that administrators do not ignore procedural requirements. c. ensuring that personnel do not act in an arbitrary manner. d. ensuring that personnel do not violate the Constitution. e. all of the above.
Which of the following was a finding of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (1972-1973)?
A. Increased patrol did not reduce crime and reduced patrol did not lead to an increase in crime or public fear of crime. B. Most crimes are solved through information obtained by the first officer on the scene, using information from victims or witnesses. C. Follow-up detective work, of the kind portrayed in the movies and on television, is relatively unproductive and involves routine paperwork. D. A restrictive shooting policy that clearly specified when an officer can and cannot shoot effectively reduced the number of shootings.
Before the twentieth century in this country, police, in general:
a. saw their primary job as keeping the good will of the people. b. were relatively immune from politics and corruption. c. operated with few legal and ethical controls. d. were well-trained, well-equipped and well-supervised.