Under normal circumstances, several important types of genes control the activities of cells
Some of these genes (proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes) have critical roles in regulating cell growth and division, as well as repair of DNA during replication. Despite their important roles, mutations to any one of these genes alone do not induce a cancerous condition. Explain why.
Alterations of these genes may increase the rate of cell division, elevate cell activity, or even produce damaged or nonfunctional proteins. However, one oncogene alone is not sufficient to cause cancer. Many cellular processes must be disrupted simultaneously or in a coordinated fashion to turn into cancerous pathways. The reality is that multiple oncogenes must be present to cause cancer.
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Which statement best describes the mechanism(s) of posttranslational regulation of gene expression?
A. Covalent modification of newly synthesized proteins generally has no marked effect on protein function. B. Protein synthesis is often repressed by feedback or noncompetitive inhibition. C. Allosteric regulation following transcription of mRNA occurs in many biosynthetic pathways. D. Once a protein is synthesized, there is little to no posttranslational modification.
In a DNA double helix, each loop of the helix
a. is wound around histone proteins. b. consists of 10 nucleotides. c. always contains equal amounts of G and T. d. contains the sugar-phosphate backbones in the interior of the helix. e. represents one nucleotide.
A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers or ______
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s)
Given your results from the baby's spit up/vomit, you run an X-ray while the baby is eating. This allows you to determine whether there is a blockage in the organ that generates that enzyme (physical), or if there is a problem with the enzymes themselves (chemical). Which of the following results would help you decide whether the problem is solely physical or chemical?
a. Chemical: The enzyme was spit up, but the digestive path appears normal b. Physical: The enzyme was spit up, but the digestive path appears normal c. Chemical: The enzyme was spit up, but the digestive path has a lump stopping movement of food d. Physical: The enzyme was not spit up, but the digestive path has a lump stopping movement of food e. Chemical: The enzyme was not spit up, and the digestive path appears normal