Describe the two forms of the proxy-pretest design
What will be an ideal response?
There are essentially two variations of this design. In the first, you ask the participants to estimate where their pretest level would have been. This can be called the Recollection or Retrospective design—participants are literally asked to "look back.". For instance, you might ask participants to complete pretest measures by estimating how they would have answered the questions six months ago.
The other Proxy-Pretest design uses archived records to stand in for the pretest. This design is called the Archived Proxy-Pretest design. For instance, imagine that you are studying the effects of an educational program on the math performance of eighth-graders. Unfortunately, you were brought in to do the study after the program had already been started. You are able to collect a posttest that shows math ability after training, but you have no pretest. Under these circumstances, your best bet might be to find a proxy variable from existing records that would estimate pretest performance. For instance, you might use the students' grade-point averages in math from the seventh grade as the proxy-pretest.
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When using tests of statistical significance, which of the following gives the odds that the observed difference was due to chance?
a. percent variance b. coefficient of correlation c. probability d. standard deviation
Research on low-level lead exposure and children's development indicates that
A) low blood levels are associated with early onset diabetes. B) higher blood levels are associated with distractibility, overactivity, and behavior problems. C) the majority of children overcome any negative cognitive effects by adolescence. D) early exposure to lead can be neutralized by fluoride treatments in drinking water.
"I believe that individuals who don't attempt to solve their own problems or get themselves out of situations feel this way due to past experiences." Which of the following people would agree with this statement?
A. Seligman B. Freud C. Beck D. Burns
?Based on the research conducted with London taxi drivers and bus drivers, we can conclude that ____.
a. ?the taxi drivers’ larger hippocampi caused them to be able to remember complicated routes
b. ?memorizing maps increased the size of bus drivers’ hippocampi but not those of taxi drivers because bus drivers must drive consistent routes
c. ?portions of the hippocampus enlarged as the taxi drivers memorized complicated maps
d. ?except in cases of abnormal functioning, there is no relationship between the hippocampus and spatial memory