A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client. Which of the following would lead the nurse to suspect that the client is experiencing polycystic ovary syndrome? (Select all that apply.)
A) Decreased androgen levels
B) Elevated blood insulin levels
C) Anovulation
D) Waist circumference of 32 inches
E) Triglyceride level of 175 mg/dL
F) High-density lipoprotein level of 40 mg/dL
B, C, E
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Polycystic ovary syndrome is a multifaceted disorder, and central to its pathogenesis are hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia. PCOS is associated with obesity, hyperinsulinemia, elevated luteinizing hormone levels (linked to ovulation), elevated androgen levels (virilization), hirsutism (male-pattern hair growth), follicular atresia (ovarian growth failure), ovarian growth and cyst formation, anovulation (failure to ovulate), infertility, diabetes type 2, sleep apnea, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation or irregular periods), metabolic syndrome characterized by abdominal obesity (waist circumference >35 in.), dyslipidemia (triglyceride level >150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] level <50 mg/dL), elevated blood pressure, a pro-inflammatory state characterized by an elevated C-reactive protein level, and a prothrombotic state characterized by elevated PAI-1 and fibrinogen levels.
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