A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and women police officers are:
a. almost identical.
b. slightly higher for men.
c. significantly higher for women.
d. slightly higher for women.
a
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Formally, probation is a criminal sentence imposed by _____
a. Prosecutors c. Defense attorneys b. A board of probation officers d. Judges
The aspects of decision making and ________ mark each stage of the criminal justice system
a. funneling b. deterrence c. discretion d. formality
Who of the following noted that American preoccupation with economic success, coupled with socioeconomic stratification, causes strain?
a. Reuter b. Sutherland c. Freud d. Cloward and Ohlin
Which of the following factors is not among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the growth in the U.S. prison population?
A) Tougher sentencing B) Prison construction C) The war on drugs D) Increased arrests E) Increased immorality