List the five taste receptors, what they respond to and describe how each of these receptors transduce that response.
What will be an ideal response?
Sweet (sugar), sour (acid), salty (certain chemical salts), bitter (alkaloid), and umami (savory: glutamate and some nucleotides) are the five sensations. The sweet and umami are type II cells that involve receptor-mediated (T1R) activation of the G protein gustducin and subsequent increase in intracellular calcium, which releases ATP. The other type II cells are bitter, which is similar to those above but requires the T2R receptor to initiate the response. For salty and sour (type I cells), there is direct activation of ion channels to stimulate the release of serotonin. The salty activate the apical ENaC (epithelial sodium channel) to increase the influx of sodium whereas acidic environment alters the gating of ion channels.
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A) pancreatic juice. B) insulin. C) glucagon. D) cholecystokinin.
Reflexes, controlled by the spinal cord, act by
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Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?
A. urine storage B. excretion of waste C. maintenance of fluid balance D. regulate synthesis of vitamin D E. regulate synthesis of RBCs