A meta-analysis of 103 studies showed that initiating structure and consideration both had beneficial relationships with a number of outcomes.

For example, consideration had a strong positive relationship with perceived leader effectiveness, employee motivation, and employee job satisfaction. For its part, initiating structure had a strong positive relationship with employee motivation and moderate positive relationships with perceived leader effectiveness, employee job satisfaction, and overall unit performance.


In fact, a meta-analysis of 78 studies showed that initiating structure and consideration are only weakly related—knowing whether a leader engages in one brand of behavior says little about whether he or she engages in the other brand.

Communication & Mass Media

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One way to give unity and enhance the sense of form and unity to your speech is to conclude by __________.

A. summarizing the main ideas B. challenging the audience C. returning to your introductory device D. making a personal reference

Communication & Mass Media

Which of the following is most likely an example of a primary group?

A. a group of students preparing a presentation B. a group of workers solving a problem C. a group of women playing cards D. a group of workers building a house

Communication & Mass Media

The U.S. mass-circulation popular magazine first prospered in the

A. pre-Civil War years. B. excitement surrounding the turn of the twentieth century. C. post-Civil War years. D. wake of the emergence of the mass-circulation newspaper.

Communication & Mass Media

Good teams can communicate freely without worrying about taking turns or being sure every member gets to speak

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Communication & Mass Media