Explain what is meant by a correlation between two variables, how one would know if a correlation coefficient were weak or strong, and what constitutes a perfect relationship; and describe what is meant by positive, negative, and zero correlations and give an example of each
What will be an ideal response?
Answer will include that correlation indicates a consistent, systematic relationship between two events, thus, allowing prediction, but not concluding causation. The strength of a correlation is expressed as a correlation coefficient. This coefficient is simply a number falling somewhere between +1.00 and -1.00 . If the number is zero or close to zero, it indicates a weak or nonexistent relationship, while a coefficient close to -1.00 or +1.00 is a strong correlation. If the correlation is +1.00, a perfect positive relationship exists; if the correlation is -1.00, a perfect negative relationship has been discovered. A positive correlation indicates a direct relationship, that is, when one variable increases, the other variable increases, or if one decreases, the other decreases. A negative correlation indicates an inverse relationship in which one variable is decreasing, while the other is increasing. The zero correlation indicates that no relationship exists between the two events. Possible examples may be similar to the following. Positive relationship: As your study time increases, your grades increase; or as your study time decreases, your grades decrease. Negative relationship: As your absences in class increase, your grades decrease. Zero correlation might be your grade point average and the number of ice cream cones you have eaten this semester.
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a. Beck's low self-esteem b. Seligman's learned helplessness c. Lewinsohn's operant d. Freud's psychodynamic
The central nervous system consists of all of the neurons that make up your ______
a) parasympathetic and sympathetic structures b) brain and spinal cord c) muscles and glands d) sense organs and sensory neurons
Belinda is an 8-year old girl who is struggling in school. She is regularly absent from
school as her mother works as a barmaid in the evening and is often too tired to get up to send her daughter to school in the morning. Her second grade teacher advised Belinda's mother to have her repeat second grade because Belinda is struggling to master basic math and language skills. Belinda's mother refused, explaining that Belinda was just a "late bloomer" and that she would catch up to her peers. Belinda's teacher also suggested that Belinda receive special educational testing to rule out the presence of a learning disability, but Belinda's mother did not think it was necessary and refused the testing. Belinda may be experiencing: a. Emotional abuse b. Physical abuse c. Educational neglect d. Physical neglect e. Emotional neglect
A recent meta-analysis of cognitive therapy by Hamilton and Dobson from the University of Calgary found that less favourable outcomes were related to:
a) High pre-treatment severity scores b) High levels of dysfunctional attitude c) Chronic depression d) All of the above