Identify the problems associated with observer bias and observer drift. How can researchers identify and overcome these problems?
What will be an ideal response?
Observer bias involves the researcher bring his or her predispositions to the observations, inadvertently recording those behaviors that reinforce beliefs or expectations and ignoring behaviors counter to expectation. This problems can be overcome, in part, through the use of a behavior checklist with objective definitions of behaviors to be coded.
Observer drift involves changes in observational criteria by a researcher over the course of a study. As a result, the same behavior can lead to different responses at different points in the study. Researchers can minimize the effects of observer drift by (a) using objective criteria, (b) systematic training of observers, (c) retraining observers and changing pairs of observers so the same people don't always work together. Researchers can check on consistency of observations by looking at interobserver reliability.
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A(n) __________ is not part of a cabinet department, but still reports directly to the president, while a(n) __________ exists outside the major departments and is tasked with making and implementing rules within a specific area.
A. independent executive agency; cabinet department B. independent executive agency; government corporation C. independent executive agency; independent regulatory agency D. government corporation; independent executive agency E. government corporation; independent regulatory agency
Which of the following is not a tactic that policy advocates can use to address dysfunctional group processes?
a. Mediation. b. Humor. c. Whistle-blowing. d. Assuming leadership.
All of the following are considered cash transfers EXCEPT
A. unemployment checks. B. Pell grants to college students. C. Medicaid services. D. tax breaks. E. Social Security checks.
The U.S. Constitution is, according to Theodore Lowi, perfectly designed to do what?
A. raise political consciousness B. prevent change C. encourage political resistance D. promote social efficacy