The successive approximation method:
a. was developed by Pavlov.
b. is an example of variable-ratio reinforcement.
c. is successful with animals but not humans.
d. is also called shaping.
ANS: D
FEEDBACK: Animals and humans demonstrate many more complex operant behaviors that have a much lower probability of occurring in the normal course of events. Skinner presented the method of successive approximation, or shaping, so that an experimenter or a parent can reinforce and condition a pigeon or a child to perform behaviors that are not likely to occur spontaneously.
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Freud believed that the attachment relationship between parent and child occurs as a result of
a. conditioning and reinforcement. b. an innate tendency to engage in proximity-seeking behaviors. c. advances in the infant's cognition that enable the child to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar companions. d. early feeding experiences.
Kelly watched her mother get ready for work; Kelly's mother put on makeup and fixed her hair. Then, Kelly's mother left the room and told Kelly to get ready for school. Kelly began to imitate her mother by smearing makeup on her face and fluffing her hair. This is an example of
A. vicarious conditioning. B. observational learning. C. operant conditioning. D. mock learning.
Which of the following statements about V5 functioning is FALSE?
A. It is the first visual area in the brain that detects movement. B. It helps direct reaching movement. C. It helps direct eye movement when tracking moving objects. D. It integrates information about movement.
Coordination of infant-caregiver interaction involves two related characteristics, which are
A. causality and categorization. B. matching and synchrony. C. crying and smiling. D. trust and hope.