Compare and contrast the consolidation and levels-of-processing hypotheses for learning
and encoding in long-term memory.
What will be an ideal response?
The answer should provide an overview of each hypothesis, noting the major strengths
and weaknesses of each. A strong answer will address the support that the consolidation
hypothesis has received from studies of retrograde amnesia as well as how different levels of
processing (maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal; shallow and deep; automatic and
effortful; encoding specificity) appear to influence memory.
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An important aspect of coping is the ability to redefine the meaning or value of a stressful situation. This process is referred to as
a. reappraisal. b. emotional-focused coping. c. stage progression. d. central process identification.
Karen Allen had female students attempt to solve relatively difficult math problems. One third of the participants were allowed to have their dog with them while they worked on the problems, one third had a close friend with them, and the remainder worked on the problems while they were alone. The results of the study indicated that:
a. having either a dog or a close friend present reduced stress-related arousal b. having a dog present was associated with the lowest arousal effects c. having either a dog or a close friend present increased stress-related arousal d. having a dog present was associated with the highest arousal effects
Freud believed that many adult personality traits can be traced to which of the following occurring in one or more of the psychosexual stages?
a. fixation b. incongruence c. self-efficacy d. conditions of worth
Cross-cultural research on aging shows that ____.?
a. ?the decline of most physical abilities in adulthood is inevitable b. ?aging has very similar effects on adults in all cultures c. ?the effects of aging vary across cultures d. ?aging is much more favorably received in the U.S. than in other cultures