A 68-year-old male client is seen in the clinic complaining of fatigue and other nonspecific, vague symptoms that the nurse believes may be related to heart failure. The nurse questions the client regarding risk factors for heart disease
Which of the following could be modifiable risk factors for this client regarding heart failure? 1. Hemoglobin A1C 9.0%
2. Male
3. Father-in-law died from heart disease a year ago
4. Blood pressure 119/78
Hemoglobin A1C 9.0%
Rationale: Hemoglobin A1C of 9.0% indicates an average blood sugar of 240 mg/dL. Therefore the client is likely to have undiagnosed diabetes, which is a modifiable risk factor for heart failure. Being male is a risk factor, but is not modifiable. An in-law's death from cardiac disease is unrelated to the client's risk factors. Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor, but the blood pressure of 119/78 is not hypertensive.
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