What led to the development of movements for independence from Spain and Portugal in Central and South America?

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

A. Independence movements from Spain and Portugal
1. Spanish crown reasserting bureaucratic controls
a. reorganizing imperial defense
b. eliminating traditional colonial customs
c. maximizing the power and fiscal reach of the crown
2. Spanish administrators were as intrusive and troublesome
a. growing, and potentially revolutionary, resentments
b. local populations that stubbornly sought to protect their own
interests
3. encouragement of militarization helped colonists arm revolutionaries
4. emergence of distinctive political identities, the political unrest, the
resentment over taxes
B. Differences in Central and South American independence
1. Spanish wars started later and lasted longer
2. Latin American rebels fought on their own, against tenacious royalist
resistance
3. terror and massacre became routine features of the revolutions
a. loyalists mobilized slave armies
4. wars of independence, which had caused long and total interruptions of
foreign trade, also ruined the economies of the Spanish colonies