A 71-year-old man with a history of emphysema, coronary artery disease, and hypertension presents with increased shortness of breath and fatigue. His oxygen saturation is 80% on home oxygen at 2 L/min via nasal cannula. His blood pressure is 140/76 mm Hg, pulse rate is 104 beats/min, and respirations are 28 breaths/min and labored. His medications include an albuterol inhaler, prednisone, hydrochlorothiazide, and lisinopril. Auscultation of his lungs reveals scattered wheezing in all fields. Which of the following prehospital interventions is NOT indicated for this patient?
A) Nebulized ipratropium
B) Subcutaneous epinephrine
C) High-flow oxygen therapy
D) Continuous positive airway pressure
Ans: B) Subcutaneous epinephrine
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