When is a caudal epidural performed in large animal practice?
What will be an ideal response?
Caudal epidurals are used in the following situations:
To desensitize the perineum and caudal thighs of a ruminant to ease rectal palpation, calving, reduction of a rectal/vaginal/uterine prolapse or to perform surgery.
Larger volumes may be used to paralyze and desensitize the pelvic limbs, udder and abdominal wall for surgery.
Analgesics (xylazine, butorphanol) may be used to administer analgesia without causing paresis or paralysis.
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Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
The protein miraculin, which is found in taste-altering "miracle berries", causes acidic foods like citrus fruits, soda, and vinegar to taste like candy. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism for the effects of miraculin?
A. Miraculin amplifies umami receptors, enhancing umami flavors. B. Miraculin alters sweet receptors on the tongue and causes them to perceive carbohydrates as sour. C. Miraculin inactivates sweet receptors, so only sour receptors will detect sweet compounds. D. Miraculin alters sour receptors on the tongue and causes them to perceive acids as sweet.
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
A) islets of Langerhans. B) pancreatic crypts. C) pancreatic acini. D) pancreatic lobules. E) triads.
The Na-K ion exchange pump actively transports
A) 1 intracellular sodium ion for 2 extracellular potassium ions. B) 2 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion. C) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion. D) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions. E) 3 extracellular sodium ions for 2 intracellular potassium ions.