Negative reinforcement involves
a. the learning of a new response.
b. the removal of an aversive stimulus.
c. decreasing the likelihood of certain future behaviors.
d. providing an unpleasant stimulus periodically during the day.
e. pairing an old reflex with a new stimulus.
b. the removal of an aversive stimulus.
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Baby Asha is sitting on the floor when her older brother sits down next to her. He takes her favorite stuffed horse out of her hands, holds it up, and then puts it behind his back. Within just a few seconds, Asha begins to cry. Her brother hands her back the horse, which stops the crying, but he doesn’t understand why she didn’t just look behind his back for the toy. What would be the reason
for this? a. ?Asha is in Piaget’s formal operations stage of cognitive development and has not yet overcome centration. b. ?Asha is in Piaget’s concrete operations stage of cognitive development and has not yet overcome conservation. c. ?Asha is in Piaget’s preoperations stage of cognitive development and has not yet overcome egocentrism. d. ?Asha is in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development and has not yet mastered object permanence.
Each neuron contains many ____ but only one ____
a. dendrites; terminal button b. dendrites; cell body c. terminal buttons; dendrite d. cell bodies; dendrite
Cynthia was recently promoted to an executive position in her company. The increased stress was enormous. After a few weeks, she began losing weight, lost interest in sex, and her menstrual cycle became irregular. Several months later, Cynthia suffered a physical breakdown when she acquired a dangerous viral infection and required hospitalization. What phase of the general adaptation syndrome
left Cynthia susceptible to the viral infection? A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse
Negative reinforcement is also called _______
a. punishment b. aversive training c. escape-avoidance training d. reward training