The requirements of the plain view doctrine do not include that the _____
a. officer, as a result of a prior valid intrusion, must be in a position in which he or she has a legal right to be
b. officer must not unreasonably intrude on any person's reasonable expectation of privacy
c. officer may develop probable cause to believe that the item is subject to seizure by handling and thoroughly examining the item
d. discovery of the item of evidence by the officer need not be inadvertent
c
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Most arms of the federal government have some sort of enforcement component
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Police officers are considered policy makers because
A) the sum of their discretionary decisions adds up to policy. B) police administrators are often elected to state legislatures. C) legislators note citation records in revising criminal statutes. D) police are among the biggest lobbying groups in the U.S.
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the impact that associations with criminal and noncriminal patterns have on behavior, according to differential association theory?
a. Frequency b. Opportunity c. Priority d. Intensity
In their early teens, Jack, Cole, and Hardy live in areas where both conventional and delinquent activities are limited and adult role models are in absentia. Applying differential opportunity theory, Jack, Cole, and Hardy are likely to join one of three types of gangs to in order to achieve what they consider success. Cole lives in a highly disorganized area. Cole gets into fights to protect his
gang's integrity and honor, acquiring a reputation. This rep provides Cole with a means for gaining admiration from his peers. What type of gang did Cole join? a. Criminal gang b. Conflict gang c. Rebellion gang d. Retreatist gang