What are the names of the four spheres that: 1. includes all life on Earth, 2. extends form the surface of the Earth to its center, 3. is comprised to all water and ice on the Earth, and 4. is a gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth?
a. 1. biosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. atmosphere
b. 1. hydrosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. biosphere, 4. atmosphere
c. 1. atmosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. biosphere
d. 1. geosphere, 2. biosphere, 3. atmosphere, 4. hydrosphere
e. 1. biosphere, 2. atmosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. geosphere
a. 1. biosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. atmosphere
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Which of the following bonds is the most polar?
A) H-F B) H-Cl C) H-Br D) H-I
Convective cooling cools rocks much more rapidly than heat conduction. Hydrothermal circulation represents convective cooling at ocean ridges and is well known from things like black smokes, but only occurs close to the spreading ridge axis
When geophysicists measure the geothermal gradient in areas along ridges where there is no hydrothermal activity, the thermal gradient is far below what you would predict theoretically, but near hydrothermal vents it is far more than you would predict. Why would this be? A) Organisms growing around hydrothermal vents disturb the thermal properties, insulating the surface, to make an apparent high thermal gradient. B) Most of the heat is carried away by convection as hydrothermal systems, so the average geothermal gradient away from the hydrothermal circulation is depressed. C) The thermal gradient in water represented by the hydrothermal system must be different than the rock, so it is measurement artifact. D) The measurements are incorrect because it is too hot to measure thermal gradient in molten rock.
Compared with conditions deeper within the Earth, temperature and pressure are lower at the surface
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
How did the South Atlantic Ocean form?
a) Asia rifted apart form Europe b) Africa and North America collided to form the Appalachian Mountains c) a piece of California started moving northward up the west coast d) south America rifted apart from Africa e) none of the above