Which of the following statements would lend support to the hypothesis that increasing scientific knowledge allows humans to grasp multicausality, when single causation was previously assumed to be the case in the time of the essentialists?
? (Select all that apply.)
a. Adolescents and young adults with entitlement issues may have been raised with deprivation, not indulgence.
b. Scientific knowledge is increasing, as the gene is mapped.
c. The weather cannot be controlled, but it can be affected by geologic events such as volcanic eruption.
d. Gender of the fetus, although determined by the father, may be more likely to be either male or female, depending on the timing of sexual relations.
e. Genetic migrations can be tracked fairly effectively, by calculating the relative frequency of various Landsteiner blood types in different countries.
ANS: A, C, E
A philosophical group known as essentialists proposed that two concepts must be considered in determining causality: necessary and sufficient. The proposed cause must be necessary for the effect to occur. (The effect cannot occur unless the cause first occurs.) The proposed cause must also be sufficient (requiring no other factors) for the effect to occur. This leaves no room for a variable that may sometimes, but not always, serves as the cause of an effect. "Spare the rod and spoil the child." "Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it." "The father effectively "decides" the gender of the child by passing on either an X or a Y to the offspring."
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A contraction stress test indicates the following: late decelerations occurring in about two of the three contractions. The nurse documents these results as
a. negative c. unsatisfactory b. positive d. suspicious
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a. anesthesiologist c. pharmacist b. nurse d. physician
What reply should the nurse make, when an older adult asks, "How much alcohol is good for you?"
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