It is notoriously difficult to perform unbiased studies when human subjects are used. When governmental agencies such as the U.S
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are trying to determine the validity of scientific claims, they very closely examine the methods used in the experiments. What are the three phases of clinical trial, and which one(s) must a drug pass in order to be sold in U.S. markets?
Phase I tests whether the drug is safe for humans, determines the effective dosage range, and identifies side effects. Phase II tests whether the drug works for its intended purpose. Phase III tests how the drug compares to already existing, available treatments. A drug needs to pass all three phases to be approved by the FDA.
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Which of the numbered respiratory complexes is not correctly paired with its name?
A) complex I: NADH dehydrogenase complex B) complex II: succinate-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex C) complex III: coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex D) complex IV: cytochrome c reductase complex E) none of the above
Which of the following is not one of the four most abundant elements in the body?
a. carbon b. hydrogen c. oxygen d. nitrogen e. calcium
The greenhouse effect is a natural and important phenomenon because it
A) removes smog from affected areas. B) maintains the surface temperature on Earth. C) reverses the effect that CFCs have on the ozone layer. D) decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the stratosphere. E) reverses the effects of deforestation.
Antimicrobial spectrum of activity is best defined as
A. The types of bacteria against which a particular antimicrobial agent does and does not have activity B. the mechanism a microorganisms uses to resist the effects of a given antimicrobial C. Combination drug therapies D. Refers to the multidrug resistance of an organism