The fact that Venice, Genoa, Byzantium, and Turkey controlled Mediterranean trade routes led Spain and Portugal in the fifteenth century to
a. declare war throughout Europe
b. begin the Crusades to recapture these routes
c. search for alternative trade routes
d. create self-sufficient economies
e. trade with each other
Ans: c. search for alternative trade routes
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Who benefited most from Louis IX's neutral stance during the long struggle between the German Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II and the papacy?
A. the papacy B. Frederick II C. Henry IV D. Louis VII
As of 2013, which one of the following nations does NOT possess nuclear weapons?
What will be an ideal response?
Otto von Bismarck
What will be an ideal response?
Battles in and around ________ in August and September of 1776 were ignominious defeats for Washington's forces and seemed to presage an easy British triumph in the war
A) Boston B) Philadelphia C) Baltimore D) New York City