Discuss the importance of there being two types of adaptive immune responses (antibody and cell-mediated).
What will be an ideal response?
Pathogens (and other hazards to the body) vary in type and form. Many pathogens are extracellular parasites while others are intracellular parasites. Large numbers of pathogens are bacteria, and others are eukaryotes. The two different immune responses are effective at targeting different types of antigens. Cell-mediated immunity is directed against endogenous antigens, and therefore intracellular parasites. The antibody immune response primarily targets exogenous antigens and is therefore largely effective against extracellular pathogens. Antibody functions are particularly effective against bacteria. Antibodies can also neutralize non-living hazards like toxins. Consequently, the adaptive immune response against a specific pathogen will primarily involve one or the other type. The immune response is unlikely to be completely one-sided in all infections. For example, an intracellular parasite may produce a toxin, so while a cell-mediated immune response will kill infected cells and slow the spread of the pathogen, neutralizing antibodies directed against the toxin will limit the damage done by the toxin.
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A single-gene disease that can cause symptoms in a fetus is
A) Huntington disease. B) Alzheimer disease. C) malaria. D) osteogenesis imperfecta.
Genetic studies of an animal show that eye color is controlled by an autosomal gene with the dominant
allele (R) for red eye color and the recessive allele (r) for yellow eye color. A second autosomal gene has the dominant allele (T) leading to paws with thumbs while the recessive allele (t) codes for paws without thumbs. The genetic cross RRTT ? rrtt creates offspring with genotype RrTt. One of those dihybrids is mated in a testcross (RrTt ? rrtt). Based on the principle of independent assortment the testcross should produce offspring with the phenotype ratio
a. 3 red-eyed with thumbs: 1 yellow-eyed without thumbs. b. 1 red-eyed with thumbs: 1 yellow-eyed with thumbs: 1 red-eyed without thumbs: 1 yellow-eyed without thumbs. c. 1 red-eyed with thumbs: 1 yellow-eyed without thumbs. d. 9 red-eyed with thumbs: 3 yellow-eyed with thumbs: 3 red-eyed without thumbs: 1 yellow-eyed without thumbs. e. 3 yellow-eyed with thumbs: 1 red-eyed without thumbs.
Brain-heart infusion, trypticase soy agar (TSA), and nutrient agar are all examples of which type of media?
A. synthetic B. enriched C. reducing D. complex E. selective
Mutations can produce a polypeptide with increased function.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)