Which of the following correctly distinguishes maturation from aging?
a. Aging refers to children growing older and maturation refers to the process through which many cognitive and motor functions beginning to fail due to individuals going through the end of the lifespan.
b. Maturation refers to growth and changes in the body and brain that are associated with underlying genetic information. Aging refers to changes associated over the latter part of the lifespan, often associated with the decline of function in the areas of motor, language, and cognitive skills.
c. Maturation is an umbrella term that captures all of changes that occur overtime, and aging is only specific to the end of the lifespan.
d. Maturation is a general way to capture temporal changes, particularly changes brought about by learning and experience. Aging is often an umbrella term to describe any research that studies humans over time, though it is only one of several relevant terms.
Answer: b. Maturation refers to growth and changes in the body and brain that are associated with underlying genetic information. Aging refers to changes associated over the latter part of the lifespan, often associated with the decline of function in the areas of motor, language, and cognitive skills.
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For how long have DeShon’s problem behaviors been evident?
Diagnosis F84.0 Autism Spectrum Disorder, with accompanying intellectual impairment, with accompanying language impairment, requiring substantial support. Rationale Criterion A: Deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts as evidenced by: 1. Deficits in social and emotional reciprocity, manifested by an inability to sustain eye contact; a failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level; impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain conversations; echolalia; and a lack of social or emotional reciprocity. 2. Deficits in nonverbal communication as noted by an inability to sustain eye contact, a misunderstanding of gestures, and poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication. 3. Deficits in developing and maintaining relationships as evidenced by a lack of imaginative play appropriate to his developmental level and a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with others. Criterion B: Restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior including rocking and waving his hands back and forth. Criterion C: The abnormal functioning occurred prior to age three. DeShon has a tested IQ of 60 and thus is given the specifier with accompanying intellectual impairment and also, due to his limited use of language, with accompanying language impairment. He is further specified as requiring substantial support because he functions poorly on his own unless involved in an isolated activity of particular personal interest. Additional Information Required We can assume DeShon went through the appropriate testing needed to determine his diagnosis, although not much information is provided in the case study about the results of various assessments and tests. Risk and Resilience Assessment Biological factors are the major contributors to the development of autism spectrum disorder, but we know very little about how any such factors are affecting DeShon. Regarding his risk influences for the course of the disorder, he has serious problems with play deficits and stereotypical behaviors, and the family routinely experiences material hardships. On the protective side, DeShon is not aggressive, has a supportive mother and extended family structure, and is part of a school system that can offer and coordinate a range of interventions. What questions could be used to assess for additional strengths in DeShon? The assessment could focus more carefully through additional interviews with DeShon’s mother on his strengths with coping questions (It sounds like you’ve had a lot of challenges. How have you been able to manage with all you’ve been through? How do you go on? What are the qualities you draw on? What would your stepmother say that you do? How about your boyfriend?) and exceptions (When does DeShon seem more responsive? Who is there? What are they doing and saying?). Other questions may include “What are the types of social situations that seem to bring out DeShon’s talents and positive adaptive qualities?” and “What positive characteristics can be channeled to enhance DeShon’s adaptation to the newly structured setting?” Intervention Plan The social worker should ensure that mother is linked with social services (e. g., Medicaid, food stamps, Temporary Aid to Needy and Dependent Families) so that DeShon’s basic health, medical, and nutritional needs can be consistently met. The state Autism Society might have further information on available family resources. DeShon’s mother’s financial situation needs to be stabilized so that DeShon can remain in the same school system once he begins services. The social worker will present education about autism to DeShon’s mother and a referral to a support group for parents of children with ASD. Special education services will be provided by certified professionals at and through the school, including applied behavior analysis that can teach DeShon skills and knowledge and extinguish his negative behaviors (i.e., tantrums) by consistent ignoring. DeShon’s mother and her boyfriend will be taught behavioral techniques so they can apply the same structure with him in the home. Critical Perspective It seems clear in this case, based on the thoroughness of the examination process, that DeShon has a neurodevelopmental disorder, and he most clearly fits the criteria for autism spectrum disorder. However, such a diagnosis implies that the client has less potential to improve with regard to social and interpersonal functioning, so it is important that the social worker continue to look for evidence of strengths when this diagnosis is made, and not assume that the client’s change capacity is modest.
How did Albert’s ethnicity and background help or hinder his work in this case?
Albert Mendoza was a baccalaureate social work intern at Crime Victims Center, an agency serving crime victims. His client, Carlos Hernandez, was a Mexican immigrant who sought both financial assistance for medical care and counseling for his family after they were assaulted in their home. Carlos was unable to communicate in English, and Albert had difficulty with his limited Spanish language proficiency. Albert began to suspect that Carlos was in the country illegally. He worried that he didn’t know the law about services available to illegal immigrants, specifically the Crime Victim’s Compensation funds. The agency did not have another Spanish-speaking worker, and Albert, a new social work intern, had primary responsibility for the case.