Which of the following patient conditions is categorized as a neurobiological disease?
a. Physical dependence
b. Addiction
c. Pseudoaddiction
d. Drug tolerance
B
Addiction is defined as a primary, chronic, neurobiological disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors that influence its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. Physical dependence is a state of adaptation that often includes tolerance and is manifested by a drug class–specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreased blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist. Pseudoaddiction is a term that describes patient behavior that may occur when pain is undertreated. Patients with unrelieved pain may focus on obtaining medications, may "clock watch," or otherwise may seem inappropriately "drug seeking." Even such behaviors as illicit drug use and deception can occur in the patient's efforts to obtain relief. Pseudoaddiction can be distinguished from true addiction in that behaviors resolve when pain is effectively treated. Drug tolerance is defined as a state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug induces changes that result in diminution of one or more of the drug's effects over time.
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A nurse is caring for a client with a nonhealing arterial ulcer. The physician has informed the client about possibly needing to amputate the client's leg. The client is crying and upset. What actions by the nurse are best? (Select all that apply.)
a. Ask the client to describe his or her current emotions. b. Assess the client for support systems and family. c. Offer to stay with the client if he or she desires. d. Relate how smoking contributed to this situation. e. Tell the client that many people have amputations.
A child has been diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder. The distraught mother cries out, "I'm such a terrible mother. What did I do to cause this?" Which nursing response is most appropriate?
1. "Researchers really don't know what causes autistic spectrum disorder, but the relationship between autistic disorder and fetal alcohol syndrome is being explored." 2. "Poor parenting doesn't cause autistic spectrum disorder. Research has shown that abnormalities in brain structure or function are to blame. This is beyond your control." 3. "Research has shown that the mother appears to play a greater role in the development of autistic spectrum disorder than the father." 4. "Lack of early infant bonding with the mother has shown to be a cause of autistic spectrum disorder. Did you breastfeed or bottle-feed?"
The nurse, reading family development theory, realizes that in Duvall's model, the developmental task of accepting exits or entrances into the family unit would occur in which developmental stage?
a. Families launching young adults b. Families with young children c. Middle-age parents d. Families with teenagers
A young male athlete is admitted to the hospital after collapsing at football practice. The medical diagnosis is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The nurse expects that which activity recommendation will be necessary?
1. The patient should limit fluid intake while exercising. 2. The patient should stop playing football and other strenuous sports. 3. The patient will need to gradually return to previous levels of exercise. 4. Exercise is not related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy symptomology.