Mannes and Kintsch (1987) gave to one group of students well organized outlines of material for which they would be tested, but a second group was given a disorganized outline. They found that:
a. there were no differences in recall of the material.
b. the group given organized outlines did better on a recall test than the group that received the disorganized outlines.
c. the group given disorganized outlines did better on a recall test than the group that received the organized outlines.
d. the group given organized outlines did better on a recall test but the group that received the disorganized outlines did better on a recognition test.
Ans: c
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