What study design allows study participants to serve as their own controls, allowing early trends in the data to emerge?
a. Cross-sectional
b. Ex post facto
c. Retrospective
d. Longitudinal
ANS: D
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A Cross-sectional design does not allow for intraparticipant comparisons because data are collected at one point in time.
B In ex post facto research, events have already occurred; intraparticipant comparison is not involved.
C Retrospective studies are similar to ex post facto research. In ex post facto research, events have already occurred; intraparticipant comparison is not involved.
D In longitudinal studies, subjects serve as their own controls, and trends in the data can emerge.
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