Compare and contrast justice of the peace courts and municipal courts.

Question

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Answer 1

Justice of the peace (JP) courts are found in rural areas. Many JPs are not trained lawyers and often fail to abide by the rules that are supposed to bind them (Mansfield, 1999; Newton, Welch, & Hamilton, 2012). Critics argue that the JP system has outlived its purpose, that it is out of step with the modern era and should be abolished. A major defect is that JP courts are controlled only by the local government bodies that create and fund them, and their activities are not subject to appellate scrutiny. When a defendant appeals, the appeal is heard by a trial court of general jurisdiction. Today, many of the JPs have been replaced with magistrates. Magistrates are more likely to be appointed than elected and tend to have better training than JPs. Overall, the issues facing rural courts are qualitatively different from those faced by urban courts (Baehler & Mahoney, 2005; Nugent-Borakove, Mahoney, & Whitcomb, 2011). Compared to their big-city counterparts, rural courts exhibit three special features: lower caseload, lack of resources, and greater familiarity (Bartol, 1996; see also McKeon & Rice, 2009; Nugent-Borakove et al., 2011). The urban counterparts of the justice of the peace courts are municipal courts. The overriding reality of municipal courts in the nation’s big cities is the press of cases. Accordingly, "obstacles" to speedy disposition—constitutional rights, lawyers, trials—are neutralized. In a process some have labeled an assembly line, shortcuts are routinely taken to keep the docket moving. Defense attorneys constitute another potential obstacle to the speedy disposition of cases. The general absence of defense attorneys reinforces the informality of the lower courts and the lack of attention to legal rules and procedures. In municipal courts, the defendant’s initial appearance is usually the final one. Realistically, a defendant charged with crimes such as public drunkenness and disorderly conduct probably cannot raise a valid legal defense. What has struck all observers of the lower courts is the speed with which the pleas are processed. Few trials are held in the lower courts. The courtroom work group often works together to keep cases moving quickly. Some courts manipulate bail to pressure defendants into an immediate disposition. The routines of the lower courts are threatened, however, by uncooperative defendants.