Which of the following is a potential treatment option for individuals with Parkinson's disease?
A. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)
B. Deep-brain stimulation
C. Physical and occupational therapy
D. All of the above
ANS: D
Rationale: Drugs, invasive procedures, and physical and occupational therapy are used to treat Parkinson's disease. Because Parkinson's disease involves the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, drug therapy that replaces dopamine (l-DOPA) is initially effective in reducing the signs of the disease. Invasive procedures, including deep-brain stimulation, neuronal transplantation, and destructive surgery, are sometimes used to treat the dyskinesia, tremors, and akinesia associated with Parkinson's disease. Physical and occupational therapy are reported to improve mobility and functional status in those with Parkinson's disease.
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