The nurse is caring for an older adult client with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). What is the nurse's understanding of the presentation of depression in this client?
A) It often presents by itself without other accompanying medical and neurological disorders.
B) It may present in the context of cardiovascular disease, dementia, or stroke.
C) It is associated with overall brain volume loss.
D) It is characterized by frontostriatal changes that result in psychomotor agitation.
B) It may present in the context of cardiovascular disease, dementia, or stroke.
Explanation: A) Late-life depression often presents in the context of medical and neurologic disorders, such as cardiovascular disorders, dementia, and stroke.
B) Late-life depression often presents in the context of medical and neurologic disorders, such as cardiovascular disorders, dementia, and stroke.
C) The pathophysiology of late-onset depression is particularly marked by changes in the frontostriatal pathway. Anatomic studies suggest some volume loss there and in caudate structures.
D) Older adults with such frontostriatal changes present with executive dysfunction, increased feelings of apathy, and psychomotor retardation.
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