Marcus had donated his biological samples as a voluntary participant in a research study on health and fertility in men. He later learns that the researchers had used his sample as part of another study examining health and DNA without his prior knowledge. What is true in terms of the ethical implications of the researchers' actions?
a. Informed consent from Marcus was violated.
b. There were no ethical mistakes because Marcus was not additionally harmed.
c. Confidentiality of Marcus' identity was violated.
d. With the additional analyses, there was no longer minimal risk to Marcus and exposing him to more than minimal risk was unethical on the part of the researchers.
Answer: a. Informed consent from Marcus was violated.
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