Why is there a potential of 24 V between the R terminal and the other terminals on a thermostat subbase?

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That is because the other terminals feed controls that are wired to the common side of 24 volts. The meter lead on the B, O, W, Y, and G terminals can read the common side of the transformer through the coils. With no current flowing through the circuit, there is no voltage drop through these controls, so they act just like a wire.

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