What is a reflex action? Make a labeled sketch of the spinal cord and related structures that describes the functioning
of the withdrawal reflex. What will be an ideal response?
A reflex action is a coordinated, involuntary motor response to a stimulus. The sketch should
resemble that shown in Fig. 42-9 of the textbook.
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The shorter urethra in females is one reason why urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Which scenario describes a situation for which genetic counseling is recommended?
a. Couples who have no family history of genetic disorders b. Women under age 35 who plan to become pregnant c. Couples who already have a child with a birth defect d. Couples who have undergone IVF e. Women who have had one miscarriage, and no other pregnancies
Some cancers are caused by the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). It is known that RTK-signaling pathways commonly stimulate cell division. Why would the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases lead to cancer development?
A. If there are too many RTKs on the cell surface, this will promote the inhibition of autophosphorylation. In the absence of autophosphorylation, it is more likely that the RTK downstream signaling pathway will be active. B. RTKs are activated by dimerization, caused by ligand binding. If there are too many receptors on the cell surface, it is possible that these receptors dimerize in the absence of ligand binding, thus stimulating cell division at inappropriate times. C. If there are too many RTKs on the cell surface, this will tend to allow cells to adhere to each other. Once they adhere, RTKs from one cell can bind to RTKs from another cell, and they can activate each other leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways in both cells. D. If there are too many RTKs on the cell surface, it is less likely that inhibitors will bind to all of the available RTKs and block their ability to enter the nucleus. As a result, some of the RTKs will be able to enter the nucleus to stimulate transcription.
Of the following IMC efforts, which is most likely to use click-through rates as a metric?